基于主成分分析法和熵值法，从水资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统 3 个方面选取 17 个指标建立评 价体系，使用黄河流域 2011—2020 年的相关数据，进行黄河流域水资源节约集约利用能力评价。研究结果表明： 黄河流域水资源节约集约利用能力整体上呈先降低后上升趋势，由 2011 年的?0.0935 增长到 2020 年的 0.1097， 9 个省（自治区）的水资源节约集约利用能力从大到小分别为青海（0.0253）、陕西（0.0126）、山西（0.0122）、甘肃 （0.0114）、四川（0.0110）、宁夏（0.0103）、内蒙古（0.0091）、河南（0.0089）和山东（0.0089）；黄河流域水资源节约 集约利用仍存在水资源供需矛盾突出、开发利用率高、利用效率低和生态环境脆弱的问题，针对这些问题提出加 强黄河流域水资源节约集约利用的对策，为推动黄河流域用水方式由粗放低效向节约集约转变提供依据。

Water?is?the?source?of?life?and?an?important?cornerstone?of?ecological?and?economic?development.?The economic?growth?rate?and?urbanization?construction?process?on?both?sides?of?the?Yellow?River?are?closely?related?to the?utilization?of?water?resources?in?the?Yellow?River?basin,?and?the?increase?in?the?demand?for?water?resources?from the?Yellow?River?in?China's?industry,?high?development?utilization?rate,?and?prominent?contradiction?between?supply and?demand,?agriculture?and?life?have?seriously?aggravated?the?water?shortage?problems.?In?2019,?the?ecological protection?and?high-quality?development?of?the?Yellow?River?basin?becomes?a?national?strategy?to?improve?the economical?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin.?The?evaluation?of?water?resource?utilization?capacity?is an?indispensable?part?of?promoting?the?construction?of?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society,?so?the?evaluation?of water?resource?conservation?and?intensive?utilization?capacity?in?the?basin?is?particularly?important. ??????According ?to ?the ?current ?situation ?of ?water ?resources ?in ?the ?Yellow ?River ?basin ?and ?combined ?with ?the implementation?plan?for?the?conservation?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin,?the?per?capita?water consumption,?the?per?capita?water?resources,?and?the?surface?water?development?and?utilization?rate?was?selected?as water?resources?indicators.?Water?consumption?of?10,000?yuan?of?industrial?added?value,?water?consumption?of 10,000?yuan?of?GDP,?and?leakage?rate?of?urban?water?supply?network?was?selected?as?socio-economic?indicators. The?total?wastewater?discharge,?the?water?reuse?rate,?and?the?urban?sewage?treatment?rate?were?selected?as?ecological and?environmental?indicators.?A?total?of?17?indicators?were?used?to?build?an?evaluation?system?for?the?capacity?of water?resources?conservation?and?intensive?use?in?the?Yellow?River?basin.?The?principal?component?analysis?method and?the?entropy?value?method?were?used?to?calculate?the?capacity?of?water?resources?use?and?its?change?trend?in?the past?ten?years?(?from?2010?to?2020)?in?nine?provinces?and?regions. ??????The?calculation?results?show?that?the?water?conservation?and?intensive?use?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?and regions?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?decreased?first?and?then?increased.?Among?them,?the?water-saving?capacity?of Qinghai ?Province ?and ?Inner ?Mongolia ?Autonomous ?Region ?is ?fluctuating ?and ?increasing. ?Sichuan, ?Shaanxi, Shandong,?and?Henan?all?show?a?trend?of?decreasing?and?then?increasing.?The?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of Gansu,?Shanxi,?and?Ningxia?provinces?has?been?in?the?stage?of?increasing. ??????In?recent?years,?the?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?has?been on?the?increase?side,?indicating?that?the?policies?and?measures?enacted?by?China?to?build?a?water-saving?society?and to?protect?the?ecology?and?quality?development?of?the?basin?have?been?effective,?but?there?are?still?problems?such?as low?utilization?rates,?widespread?waste,?and?serious?soil?erosion.?Building?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society?still requires?measures?and?in-depth?implementation?of?the?decisions?of?the?Party?Central?Committee?to?sustain?the?long- term?survival?of?mankind.?For?example,?improving?the?efficiency?of?water?resources?use,?adjusting?the?industrial structure,?optimizing?the?allocation?of?water?resources,?improving?water?rights?and?prices?and?the?water?market, establishing?an?early?warning?mechanism?for?evaluating?the?carrying?capacity?of?water?resources,?and?strengthening water?resources?supervision?capacity.?The?study?provides?a?basis?for?promoting?the?transformation?of?water?use?in the?Yellow?River?basin?from?crude?and?inefficient?to?economical?and?intensive.